Now that we know how to make brushes, texture them, turn them into entities and move their vertices around, let's look at some of the shape tools that BSP has built-in. Using these prefab tools can speed up certain aspects of your map editing, but as we'll see, they might introduce some new headaches as well. This is going to be a fairly long lesson, so fire up BSP, create a new map so we'll have something to play around with, and we'll get started...

So that we can test out the shapes we're going to make and see how they look in a game, we'd better make a room to put them in. For purposes of this lesson, I made a room 512x512 in the X/Y view and 256 tall in the z-axis. I gave all the walls and floor a generic texture and added a info_player_start entity. Make a room similar to this and you should have plenty of room to play around with your shapes.

In BSP, there are fourteen different objects the editor can make for you. These objects are found in a dropdown list on the toolbar. Open up this dropdown box and you'll see the following list:

To create an object, just select it from the list and click on the 'Make' button immediately to the left of this dropdown list. Some objects require a brush to be selected, but others make a brush on their own. Now, I'll go through each of these in detail and I'll tell you a little more about them.

These options are no-brainers. They take the currently selected brush and makes it 4096 units tall (Tall Brush) or 16 units tall (Short Brush) on the Z axis. I've never used these options, but they are available if you want them.

When you click this, you are asked how tall you want the brush to be and the selected brush is set to that height (Z axis).

When you click this, you get the following dialog box:

The first column of numbers is the origin point on each axis that you want the brush to appear. The second column is how big you want the brush to be along that axis. The default values displayed will create a 64x64x64 brush, with one corner on (0, 0, 0). The currently selected texture is applied to the brush.

When you select this object, you get the following dialog box:

Select what type of light you want from the 'light type' box. This list is created from the entity file you have loaded, so it's different for each game you are editing (Quake, Hexen2, Quake2). The next 3 boxes tell BSP how many light entities to create along each axis. The default values will create 8 light entities (2 x 2 x 2) and each of the light entities will be given the value in the 'light value' box (150 in this case). Once you click 'OK', you simply need to drag these entities wherever you want them to be in your map.

We've already used these, but I'll mention them here for completeness. 'Room' makes a six-sided room from the currently selected brush, turning each face of the brush into either a wall, floor or ceiling brush. Depending on how your BSP is configured, you may see a dialog box asking you for the width of the walls you want. The default is the current grid size.

'Extruded Room' makes a room from a non-rectangular brush. Other than that, it functions the same as 'Room'. Review the previous lesson if you need more information on this object.

In order to make a set of stairs, we have to first draw a brush that will represent the area we want our stairs to occupy. Think of this brush as a 'bounding box' that will define our stair height and width. When we actually make the stairs, this brush will disappear and be replaced by a separate brush for each step of our staircase.

It's easier to explain by way of an example, so let's make a staircase. It might make it easier to use the stair tool if I define a few variables first. For this example, let's say we want 10 steps, with a tread depth of 24 units. Each step should be 8 units high and 48 units wide. We'll make this staircase along the x-axis. This makes a nice size staircase for the player to climb. Now, with that in mind, we need to calculate how big our brush needs to be.

Since we want our brush to have 10 steps, each with a tread depth of 24 units, then the x-dimension of our brush will be 240 (24x10). The y-dimension will be 48, corresponding to the width of our steps. The z-dimension is 80 (10 steps x 8 units high for each step). So, that's not so difficult. Let's draw a brush 240x48 in the Top View and set the height at 80 units in the z-axis. Also, make sure the bottom of your brush is sitting on the floor of the room, or the player might not be able to climb onto your staircase. You don't want it suspended in mid-air after all.

Once you've gotten the brush drawn, give it a texture you want your steps to have. After you gotten your brush properly shaped and textured, click on the Stair button. The following dialog box will pop up along with a preview of your staircase.

Now it's easy to see right off that there's a problem. The default staircase is on the y-axis, so we need to check the 'On X_axis' checkbox. This orients our steps in the right direction. You can rotate the preview around using the 'Left', 'Right', 'In', and 'Out' buttons so that you can get a better view. This doesn't move your actual brush around, just your view of it. I clicked the 'Right' button a few times so that I could see a good side view.

Under stair type, you can choose Regular, Spiral, or Block. Regular is a set of steps that are suspended in the air, with an open area underneath. Spiral steps are self-explanatory and Block steps are the same as regular, except that each step extends the full length of the brush, meaning there is no open area under the stairs. Click this checkbox and you'll see what I mean. When you're done looking, set the stair type back to Regular.

Okay, now in the 'Number of Steps' box, type 10. You'll notice that as you change these settings, your preview is updated to reflect the new information. In the 'Step Width' box enter 24. This is actually the depth of each step tread, not the width of the staircase. In our example, remember, we wanted 24. Leave the 'Vertical Gap Between Steps' at 0. If you wanted, you could set this to 4 and you would be able to see through your staircase. The steps would be in the same position as they are now, but each step would only be 4 units high, with 4 units open space between it and the next step. This might be handy if you wanted to hide something under the stairs, but let the player see it there. Here's the dialog box at this point:

Now with all the settings in place, click 'OK' to make your staircase. Voila! That's all there is to it. All the brushes that make up your staircase are still selected. Drag them up to the northern wall and drag them until the furthest step to the east is just touching the east wall. That will get them out of the way for later things we make. Compile and run your level and you should see a set of steps you can climb. Of course, they don't really go anywhere, but you get the idea. One thing to remember, in the game world, the player can run up stairs that are about 16 units high. Higher than that and the player will have to jump to get up each step, which probably isn't what you want (you might though...).

Now that we've got the hang of a simple staircase, let's try to make a spiral staircase. These are a little tricker, but the concept is the same. Let's say we want the same size steps as before - 10 steps, 24 units deep, 8 units high, 48 units wide. Since these will be spiral steps, let's leave a space open down the center so each step will be 4 units out from the center. Let's also leave 4 units vertical space between each step. This time our bounding box will be a little different. Compute the X and Y dimensions by adding the width of your step (48) plus any area you want to leave open in the center of your staircase (4). this makes a total of 52. This is basically the radius of our spiral staircase. Multiply that by 2 to get the diameter and you now have an X-Dimension of 104 and a Y-Dimension of 104. The Height is 120 (10 steps x 12 units: height + vertical space for each step).

Draw a brush 104x104 in the Top View, 120 units high on the z-axis, with the bottom sitting on the floor. Pick a texture for this brush and click on the Stair button. Set the stair type to Spiral, the number of steps to 10, step width to 24, and the vertical gap to 4. Next you'll see a box labeled 'Number of Turns (Spiral Only)'. This represents the number of revolutions your staircase will make as it ascends. I chose .5 for mine. You really have to watch this. If you make too many turns, then the player will hit his head on the upper steps and not be able to climb the lower steps. The taller your staircase, the more turns you can get away with. It's a trial and error thing. For this example enter .5. Then set the 'Dist from Center (Spiral Only)' to be 4. That will leave a gap down the center of your staircase. You could put a brush in here to simulate a pole if you wanted, but it's not necessary.

Click on OK and your staircase should be complete. All the brushes should still be selected, so drag them up to sit near your other staircase, comfortably out of the way. Run your map and try out your spiral stairs. You'll see that each step is separated by a vertical space now. Neat, huh?

Arches are pretty easy to make. In fact, Quake and Hexen2 have several arch textures available. However, if you want to use an 'arch' texture, there's a little trick to it. You have to make your arch half the height you actually want it to be (corresponding to the size of the texture), then add two pillars under each post, to raise it up to the height you want. (Unless you want a really short arch of course ;-)

To use the arch tool, simply draw a brush the size and shape you want to be occupied by your arch. This brush is a bounding box, just like in the stair tool. For this example, I drew a brush 128x24 in the Top View and 128 units high in the z-axis. Choose whatever texture you want. There are lots of textures that work well with arches, depending on what type of level you're making. When you get your brush sized and textured, click on the Arch button. You'll see this dialog box:

Remember, you can use the Left and Right buttons to turn the view so you can see your arch better. I've rotated mine to the right in the picture above. There are only a couple of options available here, as arches are pretty simple to make. The number of stones in the arch controls how smooth your arch appears. This is the actual number of stones in the arch itself, not including the 2 side-posts. The higher number of stones, the more rounded your arch will look. Be warned, though, that higher brush counts slow down running your level in the game, so use just enough stones to make the arch you want and no more. I chose the default of 8 for mine. You can go as low as 3 to make a boxy-looking arch. Try out several different settings and pick one you like.

The post width setting controls how much open area is available in the center of your arch. The higher this value, the less room will be left open in the center. Play around with it and you'll see what I mean. I'm leaving mine at 20%. Click on the OK button when you've got your settings the way you want and your arch is created. That's it. Move your arch somewhere out of the way in your room and run your level to look at it if you want.

Spheres are easier to make than arches, but there are some problems you'll run into. First of all, it's possible that if you create a sphere, you'll get a 'Point off plane' error when you try to compile your level. In some versions of QBSP (like QBSP29), this is a fatal error. In others (QBSP256 for example) it is just a warning and your level will go ahead and compile and run properly. More sinister is the dreaded 'CutNodePortals-r: New portal was clipped away' error. If you get this error, your level might VIS or it might not, it just depends on the severity of the error. If you get one of these errors, your best bet is to delete your sphere and try again. Sometimes creating the same sphere over again will eliminate the problem. Of course, sometimes it gets worse...

As for making the sphere itself, there's no trick to it. Just make a brush - size doesn't matter, because the sphere's size is controlled by the dialog box. All your brush controls is the sphere's location. Make a brush and click the Sphere button. The following dialog box appears:

The outer radius and inner radius set the size of the sphere and the size of its hollow center respectively. Remember that if your outer radius is 200, your sphere will be 400 units wide. This number is the radius, not the diameter. The Horizontal and Vertical Strips work like the stone count in arches; the higher the number, the smoother your sphere will be. Again, remember that the more strips you use, the higher your brush count will be and your level could seriously lag. Also, if you create a sphere with very many strips, it could take a long while to QBSP and VIS, due to the high brush count.

For our example, let's make a sphere with an inner radius of 10 and an outer radius of 50. Leave the strip values at the default value of 5. Enter these settings and click on OK. Now position the sphere where you want it and compile your level. Notice that it took quite a bit longer to compile that time? I even got 2 CutNode errors, but they were just warnings. If you run your map, you'll see that the sphere is a little boxy looking. That's because we only used 5 for a strip count. If we had used 10, it would have been a lot smoother, but the cost in performance would have been terrible. Just for fun, I tried making the exact same sphere, but making the inner radius 40 instead of 10. It seemed to compile and VIS a little faster and I only got 1 CutNode error. In the game, it looked just like the original sphere. Go figure.

I don't use spheres personally in my levels; I just don't like the brush count that results from them, but as you can see, they are easy to make.

Cylinders are as easy to make as spheres and don't seem to have quite as many problems associated with them. You can use cylinders to make pipes, like wind tunnels, or sewer pipes, or to cut out holes in walls for stained-glass windows. I used one to make a water well in a level I was working on. It made the job a little easier than trying to clip and carve a brush on my own.

As in Spheres, brush size in the X and Y axis doesn't matter; it just controls the location of your cylinder. The brush size in the z-axis controls how long your cylinder will be. To make a cylinder, make a brush and set the z-axis to the length you want your cylinder to be. Click on the Cylinder button and you'll see this box:

The inner and outer radius work the same as in the Sphere tool. The Sides setting controls how smooth your cylinder will be. Again, the higher your number of sides, the more drag you'll put on the game's engine, so use this cautiously. I'm not really sure why the Strips setting is available. If you just want a long cylinder, set this to 1. Any other number and your cylinder gets divided up into strips (the overall length doesn't change) which really just translates into more brushes. I guess if you wanted to offset portions of your cylinder so that it wasn't perfectly straight, this would be the way to go, but I haven't ever used it.

For this example, set the inner radius to 48 and the outer radius to 64. I set the number of sides to 8 and the number of strips to 1. Click on OK to create your cylinder. Now, if you drag this cylinder up against the ceiling, you can see it would make a good wind tunnel, similar to the one we made a while back. Of course you can use the rotation buttons to rotate this cylinder along a different axis if you wanted your pipe coming out of the wall instead. It's really up to you.

I've combined these two, since they are virtually identical in use. The only difference is that a pyramid comes to a point at the top and the N-sided polygon is squared-off at the top. Also, the pyramid height is set by dialog box and the N-Sided polygon takes its height from the height of the brush. X and Y dimensions don't matter; they are controlled by the dialog box.

Create a brush in the position you want your new polygon to be and click on either the N-Sided or the Pyramid button. You'll see either of the two following boxes appear:

As you can see, they are the same, except for the height setting in the pyramid box. Let's make a pyramid, so with your new brush selected, click on the Pyramid button. Enter 4 for number of sides (the bottom is not counted as a side) and leave the other two settings at 64. Click OK to create your pyramid. It's that easy.

Basically, making a wedge is the same as making a brush and clipping it diagonally from corner to corner. I prefer the clipping method myself, but if you want to use the wedge tool, simply make a brush and click on the wedge button. You'll see the following dialog:

The 'axis' box controls which axis the clipping of the brush will occur on. The flip box does the same thing as the 'flip clip plane' button you can use when clipping. You can move the view around to see a preview of your wedge before you actually create it, similar to how you can preview an arch. That's basically all there is to it. Like I said earlier, it's like clipping a brush diagonally, but this tool is available if you want.

One additional thing to keep in mind, when you're making brushes in Quake maps. If you make a brush that has more than 16 sides you'll need QBSP256 in order to compile it. QBSP as originally written only allowed 16 sides per brush. QBSP256 should be available here.

Also, if you get a shape you really like, like an arch for instance, you might want to use it over again in another map. BSP makes it easy for you to create a library of prefab objects. Just select all the brushes that make up your arch and select "Save Brushes" under the Brush Submenu in the File Menu. This will save your arch to a *.bru file which you can then load into another map if you want. You can have as many of these *.bru files as you want if you make shapes you want to use again and again. It's really a useful feature. The only problem is that any entity information on a given brush (like lights for example) is lost when you save it to a brush file. The brush is still there, it's just not an entity anymore. If you want to save save the entity information with the brushes you export, it's easy. Rather than selecting Brushes from the File Menu, select Objects. This menu allows you to Merge Entities and Brushes In and Out to disk, retaining their entity information. Other than that, the two options are identical.

Well, that's about all I can tell you about BSP's object library. Hope you've found this lesson useful. I know it was kind of long compared to the last few lessons, but there was a lot of information to cover.